The humanitarian, environmental and economic consequences of a radiological or nuclear terrorist attack would be global, undermining international peace and security and eroding confidence in the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.
Although there is no strict definition of nuclear terrorism, examples of attacks include the use of ‘dirty bombs’, attacks on nuclear power plants, the use of stolen nuclear weapons, and the detonation of improvised nuclear devices.
low probability, high impact
Thankfully, there has never been a nuclear terrorist attack since the advent of the technology nearly 80 years ago, which puts the threat in the “low in terms of probability, high in terms of impact” category, but that doesn’t mean terrorist groups aren’t attempting some type of attack.
Al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization behind the September 11 attacks on New York that brought down the Twin Towers, has repeatedly stated its intention to carry out acts of nuclear terror and several incidents have been recorded in which radiological materials have been smuggled or stolen.
For example, in 2021, Tajikistan reported that 133 tablets containing uranium dioxide were stolen, possibly for smuggling within the country or to Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda has a strong presence.
“I think the threat has never been greater than it is today,” says Mauro Medico, director of the United Nations Counterterrorism Center.UNCCT).
“Terrorist groups and individuals engage more strongly with new technologies. Terrorist groups have recruited experts, including AI experts, and we have seen the use of drones in terrorist acts. This potentially makes it more likely that they will launch a dirty bomb via drone.”
Artillery shells have fallen on areas near the Zaporizhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine since a full-scale Russian invasion of the country in 2022.
Strengthening global nuclear security
according to United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism. Strengthening the international legal framework to prevent terrorism involving nuclear and other radioactive materials is an important priority for Member States individually and for the international community as a whole.
In May, at a meeting on the occasion of 2026 review conference On the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, speakers including Mr. Medico encouraged all United Nations Member States to become parties to the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (ICSANT) as soon as possible.
The Convention is the cornerstone of the global nuclear security architecture, providing a legal basis for criminalizing acts of nuclear terrorism and enhancing international cooperation against such threats.
strong will, weak ability
Although it has achieved fairly widespread levels of support since its adoption 21 years ago, approximately 66 countries have still not joined. This is not, as Mr Medico points out, due to a lack of political will, but due to a lack of technical capacity.
“The first thing is to create a strong legal framework, with strong elements related to cooperation with other countries, the ability to conduct investigations and share judicial information, and the ability to take preventive measures.”
The United Nations Office on Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT), in partnership with the European Union (EU), is providing support to national governments, helping them comply with and fully implement the Convention.
“We haven’t had any examples of nuclear terrorism yet,” says Mr Medico, “and that’s partly because of the mechanisms that are currently in place, but We must continue to support Member States’ efforts to ensure that this never happens“
